Reaction Paper †Fiction: Short Story

â€Å"The Jilting of Granny Weatherall† is a small story written by Katherine Anne Porter, the American writer. It was published in 1930 along with other short stories alike, as part of story collection called â€Å"Flowering Judas†. The reaction to this fiction story from a reader’s point of view I’m going to express in this short essay. The whole setting of this story is drawn around the bed of Ms. Weatherall, where she is spending the last moments of her life. The author is focusing her attention on Granny’s thoughts in form of her own self-monologue. The other characters present in the final scene of Granny’s life are: her own daughter, Cornelia, Dr. Harry, the priest, and her grandchildren, who are invited to visit their grandmother before she dies. The fact that Granny Weatherall is having a serious illness is concealed from her by the doctor and the relatives. Being close to death Ms. Weatherall is staying in bright mind and is rehearsing her own thoughts of the past and is fantasizing about present as what she would do if she did not have to stay in bed. The other characters in the story display little action, like quiet talk of Granny’s daughter to the doctor that irritates Ms. Weatherall as she starts feeling more concern about herself. The doctor, on the other hand, is trying to cheer Ms. Weatherall up by telling her that she is looking good and referring to her as â€Å"little girl†, which is inappropriate with ladies of her age. The author is mainly concentrating on Granny’s thoughts in this story. In her memories she goes back into past, sees her husband that died many years ago, and, even against her will, she reminds about events that happened to her when she was a teenager. The author is writing the story the way readers can see not only old woman dying among her relatives but as she watches her own life before her eyes before she passes away. The other people who surround Ms. Weatherall seem not to destruct her from her own thoughts with their actions. The concept of this inner journey is to introduce the reader to Ms. Weatherall’s personality and what her life was about. All the sudden the old lady is seeing things that happened to her many years ago, the memories she either regretted or kept hidden through her entire life. These memories become so lose that she almost experiences them over again after so many years. The author makes it obvious that the old lady has given her heart and soul to being a mother and wife up to her final breath. The whole flow of the story changes as Ms. Weatherall gets close to dying. It seems like the flow of her thoughts is becoming more emotional. Granny starts denying her critical condition and it seems like sh e loses control over the situation. She recalls, once when she thought she was close to dying twenty years ago she did not feel that way and she did not expect death coming. This event has given her the experience of not being afraid of it. She survived that day, and from that point on death has become something invisible to her. Granny almost fell as she could get up of the bed and return to her daily activities. In her own thoughts she acts as she has got things to do tomorrow. She displays incredible stubbornness and will to continue as her death comes closer. The author wanted to make connection between the simple rehearsal of thoughts to almost euphorical state of mind as death comes closer. Ms. Weatherall was always an honest catholic, and her faith in God is inspiring her even now. She remembers, when she was young her faith helped her to overcome any obstacles, and everything she was about to take on could easily be accomplished. â€Å"Thank God there was a little margin over for peace: then a person could spread out the plan of life and tuck in the edges orderly†. Finally Granny Weatherall rests in peace like her long lived father who was her hero and whose image she kept in her mind until her final hour. I personally like the story and how it is told. I found myself relate to this story because a year ago I went through the same period of sorrow when my grandmother was passing away. In this story I felt not only sympathy to Ms. Weatherall as I read it, but I was pleasantly impressed of her courage and will to live even after knowing that she was close to dying. I think this is because she is not only courageous person but she truly has God in her heart. I think this is a really good work by the author as she found a very interesting theme of life and death. I read somewhere that each person before dying sees their own life flashing before them. This was a really good example of interpretations of final thoughts of person and emotional preparation to the end of life.

Assess Functionalsu and New Right View of the Family Essay

Functionalists believe that the family have specific or traditional functions within the family. One function of the family would be reproduction or having children as this is imperative for the world as they will be the future workforce. For example family businesses will need to pass down the factories/shops to the next generation in the family for the continuing of the ancestors business. Other functions include economic maintenance this is where the family provides necessities for all the family members for example shelter, food and clothing. Another is that the family helps teach children how to socialise with others and also educate them with the correct norms. An important function of the family is that it gives a sense of identity and belonging for example the family allows people to be able to rely on because they are connected through family. Talcott Parsons is one of the key functionalists that strongly argued that the nuclear family fits the needs of the contemporary family and so believes that that extended family, which could involve divorce, will prevent the family from growing and being taken care of. He supported the traditional functions of the family and spoke about how the modern family is changing a lot of the former functions. Parsons identified two remaining functions within the family one being primary socialisation of young which is when the parents raise the children and educate them about the norms and values for example the rights and wrongs so they are able to pass them one. For example in abusive families negative norms are passed on. However how they act in other ways depend on their school life. The other main function is the stabilisations of adult personalities which is where children turn into adults and are forced to ‘grow up’ and get a job and buy a house etc. they are made to take things more seriously in the world so they are able to achieve a sense of belonging on their own and actually have a purpose. Overall Parson’s view of the family is centred around the middle and upper classes and focuses on the male’s purpose and ignores the female perspective. This suggests that parsons believes women are happy to be housewives and don’t aspire to be anything else but loyal to their husbands. A few positive functions of the family is that they are much more financially stable as the husband and father have a stable job and are able to earn enough money to support the whole family. The nuclear family also results in a much closer relationship between family members as they are with each other daily and so relationships are created. For example siblings are taught to share with each other and so form a bond of trust with each other. Children in the family are more likely to stay on a positive path if they are in a nuclear family as disruption could cause difficulties with school life and social life. Married parents are seen to be very good role models when they are part of a nuclear family. However a disadvantage of the nuclear family is that functionalist advertises it so it seems to be very isolated and private and therefore they are seen to have a poor social life because they keep to themselves and don’t concern themselves with wider groups of people. The family becomes attached to home leisure with TV the internet and games resulting in them becoming more home-centred. The family makes little contact with neighbours and is very self-contained. The family as a result of being private becomes reliant on support from the welfare state. Alternatively functionalists are said to idealise the family life too much. Therefore ignore the rising divorce rates. They refuse to acknowledge the negatives about the changing family life, and the growing family diversity. Another view would be those functionalists don’t take in account the abuse that can occur within any families. That is a reason as to why the modern family is changing, it’s due to the fact that the laws against domestic violence have become much stricter. This leads to the feminists who argued against this nuclear family as it portrayed women in a way that was very sexist. Ronald Fletcher a British sociologist who agreed with the functionalist’s perspective but argued that modern societies are changing and that there is an increase in modern functions in the family such as regulating sexual behaviour and the increase in parental involvement in their education. Other includes the being responsible in the rearing of children and caring for dependent people whether young or old. All these factors contribute to the changing family life and their morals. More and more people are starting to argue like Fletcher that the nuclear family is the dominant family structure but that its modifying over time for example mothers are now getting jobs as well as husbands so they both support the house hold and aren’t dependent on just one person for the whole family. Charles Murray a social scientist says ‘the traditional family life is under threat’. His main concern was with the welfare benefits that single women were being given. He thought that it was too easy for them to leave the nuclear family and live alone and just depend on benefits. Murray also argues that being or living with a single parent on benefits is giving the wrong role models to children as they are able to see that they can live alone and live off benefits so don’t strive to achieve any goals. There are fewer father figures to show discipline as the mother could lose control so the children go down a path of drug dealing vandalism and crime which gives a very positive look on the new right approach. Halsey and Dennis who agrees with what Murray argues saying that single parenthood and absent fathers is one of the key issues with the decrease in nuclear family lives. Due to the lack of jobs and rise in unemployment men are starting to struggle to maintain their title of bread winners and the industries are changing from heavy workloads so women are more likely to find a job in modern times. As a result men may be reject by the women as they can’t financially depend on them so would rather be given benefits than struggle to keep a roof over them and their children’s heads. Halsey debates that being in a one parent family with the factors of unemployment and poverty being high could inevitably lead to crime and vandalism by the younger members of the family. Against a nuclear family with a stable income and stable household would again lead to any crimes and vandalism by the offspring in the family. Abbott and Wallace’s critically judge the new right about how women are being exploited in the families and how a lot of frustration and unhappiness is able to be experienced by living in this environment. The new right also disagrees to acknowledge the violence that can be cause in a nuclear family life and the abuse a family can actually suffer from being forced to stay and live with them as it isn’t socially acceptable to be a one parent family. Some of the ideas that Abbott and Wallace criticised are that the new right are opposed to having an easy availability to a divorce; this again goes against women having the right to leave a violent family life and actually possibly saving theirs and their children’s lives by leaving. Again the new right disagrees with abortions as they say the foetuses have a right to life but Abbott and Wallace criticise this because bringing a baby into the world is a big thing and some people are unable to care for the baby correctly. The new right makes men have a very stressful life as they have a whole family dependent on them as a role model of a breadwinner and the same with women being role models for the girls and showing how much work goes into being involved in a family. Abbott and Wallace favour letting people take control of their own lives by living alone or being involved in a homosexual relationship or even women being the breadwinners while men are in charge of the household and children. Some of the traditional family values that the new right followers agree on bringing back involve that a woman’s place is in the home and shouldn’t be working as a bread winner as that’s the mans job as head of the household. This is associated with gender patriarchy as women are treated completely different to the way men are, and so it’s seen as unfair and sexist in the modern day. Gender patriarchy would be one of the main factors that feminists would argue about as they say women are oppressed by the nuclear family and its rules and values. Different feminist groups argue about different factors, liberal feminist argue about sex discrimination and want changes in the law to be made. However radical feminists argue against men patriarchy, where men are seen to have more power for example women are considered to be responsible for raising the children and choosing and cooking the food and keeping the home as welcoming as possible. Traditionally a man would never be seen do to the cooking or cleaning as it was seen as a wife’s job but in modern times it’s a much more equal task. There are however some positive aspects as to why many people agree with the new rights theory as Brigitte Berger, who defends the nuclear family by saying it’s a very positive feature of modern societies as it helps the youth of the world understand decency, common sense, politeness and respect for others. These values and morals will help make a better life for the person as common decency is seen as a norm and many people agree that in a single parent family the mother might find it s a struggle to teach the children all of that on her own due to the lack of help from the father figure.

Philosophy and Politics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Philosophy and Politics - Assignment Example David Thoreau asserts that the best government is one that does not govern at all. His political ideals are somehow different because he believes he should not pay tax equally and detests slavery. He sees this as being unjust to the community who in turn respects the governing rules. Having not enough land makes him feel like he should not pay similar tax on property as that paid by the others. It is in this respect that David Thoreau declined to pay tax and was arrested and imprisoned in July 1846. Although he was supposed to remain in prison until he pays a fine, he still declined the payment of the fine. David Thoreau’s relatives ended up settling the fine without his consent and were released. This had long enduring impacts on the "Civil Disobedience" making his political ideal quite different from those read in the Analects and that of the community who respected and obeyed the unjust laws. The circumstances of David Thoreau’s arrest and his attitude as a civil man exerted a great powerful force on the civil disobedience over time. David Thoreau, a man who only wandered in the woods to record the migration of birds and the growth of plants in his journal in Massachusetts, a small village of Concord, profoundly influenced most political giants such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Mohandas Gandhi. His political realm in "Civil Disobedience" established his whole reputation in the world of politics among the Americans. David Thoreau asserts that he went to the woods due to his wish to have a deliberate life in order to front the essential life facts only and find out if he could not learn what the facts could teach so that he would not discover that he never live when he dies. In his book, he says he never wished to live a life that was not life itself. That drove him to publish his book and his acts of civil disobedience. On the contrary, the chapters in Analects are categorized by individual themes. They are not however arranged to detail in any sort of manner the continuous stream of ideas and/ or thought.

Healthcare Quality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Healthcare Quality - Research Paper Example Third, a high quality health care system is patient-centered. This concept encompasses respect for patients values, preferences, and expressed needs; coordination and integration of care; information, communication, and education; physical comfort; emotional support and involvement of family and friends. Fourth, high quality health care implies care that is delivered in a timely manner. A high quality health care system is efficient. It should use resources to obtain the best value for the money spent. Lastly, a high quality health care system is equitable and based on the patients’ needs (Lighter & Fair, 2004). Information and communication technology is integral to achieving substantial quality improvement. Information technology infrastructure supports health care delivery, consumer health, quality measurement and improvement, public accountability, clinical and health services research, and clinical education. New technology will enable improved healthcare by providing pharmaceutical therapies, diagnostic and medical devices, and surgical procedures have been introduced that help improve the recovery of patients. Use of information technology will also improve on health delivery to patients. Medical practitioners will use computers to record patients’ medical history and check if they are administering correct treatment. Results of laboratory tests, records of vital signs and medical orders can be put into a main database that can be referred to later (Lighter & Fair, 2004). Good quality healthcare system can be provided at lower costs. This can be achieved by administering cheaper drugs. Expensive antibiotics can be effective just as cheaper drugs. Outpatient drug treatment can be effective and reduce costs compared to in patient basis. Using drugs to prevent opportunistic illnesses such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV patients can lower costs are cost effective since the patients would less likely require

All DP- CH-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

All DP- CH-1 - Essay Example The paper discussed the prevalence of diabetes in South Asian women in Los Angeles County in a critical manner highlighting reasons and impact in the recent run. It was found that South Asian women suffer from diabetes mainly because of the genetic and lifestyle issues. They are well educated and supported by strong demographics still lack focus and dedication to deal with the diabetes issue. One of the most critical factors pertaining to the treatment of diabetes is based on the notion that, it cannot be treated and thus can only be managed and controlled. However, in many cases, individuals do not even take initiatives in controlling it rather than getting affected by it to the core and then taking actions and initiatives. South Asian women have strong demographics and weak social factors making them all the more vulnerable towards the treatment of diabetes in the long run. This report makes a conclusion that South Asian women are exposed to little awareness programs that affect their thought process. The problem lies in dealing with the diabetes issue that is dependent on the understanding of reasons behind the rise of diabetes (Mather and Keen, 1985). In the past, it was found that health intervention programs have been of great help but considering the need of mutual cooperation and coordination; at times; healthcare models and programs create very little impact and in the case of South Asian women, it was found that healthcare models affect for a brief period of time and then are of little use and importance considering the lack of continuation and zeal to take positive initiatives.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary - Essay Example The second solution was increased federalization which translates to increase funding from government institutions. The third solution is an increased cultivation of general public support where a medicine program could gain support through area health care providers. The fourth solution was increased pluralistic leadership which would be increasing the remittances from alumni, which also means taking a proactive approach from the perspective of the university through alumni outreach programs etc. There is the additional option of â€Å"Paying closer attention to long-term directions of movement.† This means taking an anticipatory approach to understanding what the market conditions will be in the long term future. The great uncertainty from this function is the question of what would happen to productivity if a nation were to not take full advantage of its educational assets. What this means is that ensuring that a strong educational research policy is pivotal to ensuring the long term economic and political success of a nation operating in a global environment. The second article to be examined for this paper is titled Magnet Schools and the Pursuit of Racial Balance by Goldring and Smrekar of Vanderbilt University.

Attorney-client Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Attorney-client - Essay Example Doe has advised his attorney that he did, in fact, kill the person for which he has been arrested. While Ms. Smith did not solicit this information during the discussion, she is now privy to the fact that her client is guilty. This revelation, however, does not require Ms. Smith to notify the authorities. As an officer of the court, she is precluded from putting a witness—in this case Mr. Doe—on the stand if she knows that the witness will commit perjury; but she is not mandated to turn her client in as a result of the attorney-client privilege. It should be noted that the right to have one’s discussions with an attorney kept private is absolute in the United States. In fact, courts â€Å"have considered the attorney-client privilege to be among the most fundamental testimonial privileges in the legal system" (Kressel, 2006, p. 413). The reason for this is clear, and was recently set forth by Silbert & Joannou (2006) as necessary because it â€Å"protects confi dential communications between an attorney and his client and exists to encourage full and frank communication between attorneys and their clients and thereby promote broader public interests in the observance of law and administration of justice" (Silbert & Joannou, 2006, p. 1225). Thus, with just these facts, it is understood that Mr. Doe is safe from prosecution as a result of his attorney’s knowledge; he won’t be put on the stand to testify in his own defense, but he will not be revealed as the murderer by Ms. Smith either. His secret is safe with his attorney, who will mount an aggressive defense and force the prosecution to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt. Only one added fact could change this dynamic and actually reverse the situation. Assuming all facts as provided above, add the fact that during their conversations, Mr. Doe not only reveals that he is the killer, but is holding the child of the victim hostage in his basement. At this point, Ms. Smith has no

Strategic management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Strategic management - Case Study Example Thirdly the financial strategy is also responsible for impressive performance. Due to the image created the company’s profits have risen drastically as well as stock prices which presents the company with a solid capital base. The location strategy is another strength at Starbucks that helps fuel the superior financial performance. The company’s sophisticated strategy of location informed by a thorough analysis of demographics has seen expand to prime locations locking out competition. In some instances even Starbucks’s stores are located on opposite ends of busy streets to get hold of the traffic going in either direction of the streets. A key resource at Starbucks is the people; on the background that employees who are motivated offer good service to customers, training is emphasized. They are also given a compensation package and benefits that are better compared to the industry averages. The company also owns its stores and sells its own coffee roasted in-house. Through careful analysis of demographics they are able to identify and locate their stores in prime areas locking competition. Through extensive training and emphasis on selling more than the coffee the company has developed a key competence of providing top class customer services through motivated employees. The company is also capable if attracting a lot of repeat customers with customers visiting the stores at an average of twenty times on a monthly basis. The net effect is that the company is able to rapidly grow and perform well in terms of finances. I think Starbucks preference of owning its stores is informed by its production strategy of selling its own products in a coffeehouse setting. It has also devoted a considerable attention to the design of stores so as to provide customers with an informal atmosphere of comfort and relaxation. It sells more than just the coffee and as such by owning its stores the company is able to influence a number of factors

Research paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Research - Term Paper Example Stephen Crane’s â€Å"Open Boat† inspires me in such a way that it reflects my idea of fate and the indifference of God. The story has four men stranded in the middle of the ocean in a small boat. They all have remained hopeful despite the adversities they have encountered only to realize in the middle of the story that neither God nor nature ever cared for them. These men catch sight of a shore some 20 miles away from where they are as there was a lighthouse from a visible distance. However, they realize that the people in those places do not even see them. They have traveled so far and worked so hard to survive only to realize that their chances of drowning are now greater and worse. Then, with rage, they then turn against fate. This is reflected when one says, â€Å"If I am going to be drowned, then why not before I had even savored life like this? Fate is therefore unfair and preposterous!† (Crane, â€Å"Open Boat† 1994). They say this because these me n have worked so hard to almost the point of exhaustion just to be able to see a shore where nobody seems to see them and whose distance they seem unable to reach. They feel so cheated for they believe that after long hours of trying to survive, they deserve their reward of being rescued. Surely, if there were just an order in the universe, then they would be rewarded for all their efforts. They are all therefore made to believe that whoever struggles and makes an effort would sooner or later be rewarded. However, life is unfair, as I have always believed it. The four men’s unmet expectations make them hate fate because they realize that nature is indifferent to them. Nature is somehow giving them a message that the sun will keep on rising and setting even if they have to die. These men want some sympathy from nature for they believe they deserve it at that point in their lives, but they finally realize that

Operation Managerment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operation Managerment - Essay Example Customer analyze employer in detail and hope that they build up excellent organizers at the entire levels, constantly engender confidence by open, sincere and apparent behavior, genuinely engross workers in decision-making and offer continuous advice, allow for collective exchanges in the place of occupation as long as intentions are conveyed, provide resourceful HR methods, willing to accept sundry and varying conditions and confer first choice to figure out and congregate customer needs (Cho and Park, 2003). I might prefer to be employed in Marketing Research field as it offers broad range of information used to classify and describe marketing issues; engender, treat, and appraise marketing events; supervise marketing performance; and advance understanding of marketing trends and methods. Due to the assimilation and alignment of the methods the organizations now meet their user needs splendidly.

The Simpsons coursework Essay Example for Free

The Simpsons coursework Essay The Simpsons is an animated, American sitcom. It makes fun of the average American family and the American way of life. In the opening sequence we see twelve separate places. There is an aerial view from the clouds descending into a long shot of town along the road to the school: then a medium shot zooms into the classroom, then we cut to the nuclear plant where we first see Homer in a medium shot. There is a cut to the supermarket where Marge and Maggie are, then to the music room where Lisa is. We cut to Homer in his car driving, and see Bart on his skateboard in the street, as the angle of the car move around the car then follows Bart. We cut to Maggie imitating Marge as shes driving. All the family, one by one, finally get home then rush to the couch. The main difference between the opening and closing shots is that the family are in different places within the town but in the closing shot they are together, which, in my opinion is quite typical of a family since they each lead different lives but in the end they are one. Throughout the title sequence the music is firstly slow and heavenly then as we descend from the clouds as if we are gathering speed the music becomes lively, upbeat, jazzy and discordant like the family they argue but always come back together. It is also fast moving, just like the scenes-which are sometimes joined and flowing. Springfield is a small town where everyone knows everyone. It has everyday places that you need to live. It is a busy normal town with people walking along the street. We see Bart on his skateboard, Chief Wiggum shouting at Bart, Barney standing by and some children from Bart and Lisas school playing. In the title sequence we learn that Bart is the bad child and a daredevil because he was writing lines on the board and dodging people through the street. Lisa is an independent person because she was playing her saxophone differently from the class. Homer is careless and clumsy because he gets a radioactive crystal stuck in his clothes and throws it out his car window when he was driving. Marge likes to have a routine and Maggie is a quick learner because she was copying her mother when she was driving. The cartoon genre allows The Simpsons to break the rules because anyone who is from the past, present or future, dead or alive, real or imaginary can make an appearance i. e. Elvis, God and George Washington all have made guest appearances. The Simpsons will never get old i. e. Maggie is an eternal baby, Marge will never get grey hairs it will always be blue and Bart will always be 10 years old. As a family The Simpsons love each other and they have their own different personalities that they have to get along with although they may have. When a situation causes the family to look at themselves; they reflect on what has happened and sometimes learn from it and use it in their daily lives. We know they are a family (since everyone looks similar) because they go into the same house and though out the title sequence we follow one of family. Also the sitcom is about and named after the family. The colour uses in the sitcom are bright, vivid, and intense which will attract children of a young age or a short attention span. The speed also adds to the vibrant effect on the colour because we are cutting all the time so the colours are quick and stunning. In each episode the words, which Bart is writing changes and hints to what, that episode is about i. e. in an episode Bart, on the board, wrote the truth is out there and the family on jetpacks flew to the couch. That episode was about Bart and Homer claiming to see an alien that glowed, which turns out to be Mr. Burns, Homers boss, he was very sick and his medicine made him glow. When they all are rushing into the house, the way they get to the couch changes i. e. they have dived, danced, went to the wrong room, gone to the wrong show, ran, and flown on jetpacks. In the Homer Badman episode, the frame with Ashley Grant, feminist student shows the hypnotic effect of violent video games on young boys, since she used the game to bribed him to do what she asked. For the younger audience it is funny because Bart seems to be hypnotized and for the mature audience the humour is that a feminist would frown upon anything violent especially for young children. Also in this episode there are references to other films i. e. Homer was singing about living under the sea-The Little Mermaid, and Homer made a hand grenade, then threw it at the people chasing Marge and him-Die Hard. The title sequence appeals to different age groups because children do things that they think is funny but others think its silly and adults can also appreciate the humour in raising a young family. The Simpsons are very popular worldwide because it is funny and enjoyable for all ages. The first showing of The Simpsons was shown on 17th December 1989 it was a trial run of the series, which was very popular so the first episode was shown on 14th January 1990. Homer Badman was originally shown on 27th November 1994. In the first year on air The Simpsons over took the most popular situation comedy (The Cosby Show) capturing a regular audience of over 24 million each week and has achieved over 2 billion dollars of merchandise sales. Also The Simpsons was the first animated show to appear on prime time television since The Flintstones in the 1960s. In each episode there are over 250,000 frames and no matter how old you are, you can relate to it because it is based on, and named after, Matt Groenings own family. The family depict life in different aspects of real life and this in turn gives you a feeling of understanding and relativity to ones own life experiences, whilst having the added benefit of seeing the humour in the experiences one goes through in real life.

Native Americans Essay Example for Free

Native Americans Essay Native Americans were the first people living in the United States until Europeans arrived, sought to colonize and take over. During this time, Native Americans were subjugated to warfare, new government and losing their lands. Forced to submit to White settlers, many Native Americans have had to choose between assimilating into a White culture or preserving their heritage and ancestry. This essay will discuss public policy regarding Native Americans and provide some examples pertaining to ethnocentrism and cultural relativity. Public Policy and Ethnocentrism. From early on, Native American culture has been on a collision with White society. During the colonial period, the government did not want to have any issues with settlers and Native Americans. Schaefer mentions that Whites were to take precedence regardless of the needs or interference by tribes (150). The secretary of war was put in charge of the Native Americans with regard to any Federal communications. Later in 1824 the Bureau of Indian Affairs was created as an intermediary between the Native Americans and the government (Schaefer 150). As White settlers started to move west, they had felt that Native Americans were blocking their progress. This led to the Indian Removal Act that was passed in 1824 which forced several tribes to leave their ancestral lands. Schaefer also mentions, â€Å"the federal 2 government enacted legislation that affected them with minimal consultation† (151). The government’s goal was to weaken tribal institutions so that Native Americans would assimilate. The government still tried to make Native Americans become more like White homesteaders. In 1887 the government passed the Allotment Act which would turn tribal members into land owners. While each family was given 160 acres, there were some stipulations. Schaefer mentions that â€Å"the act prohibited Native Americans from selling the land for 25 years† (153). The other issue was with the Native Americans not knowing how to farm or utilize the land. They also did not receive assistance or training from the government and as a result, did not do well with homesteading. Since the land could not be legally sold, the Bureau of Indian Affairs ended up leasing the land to White landowners (Schaefer 153). During this time, it was believed that Native Americans should put aside tribal identities and assimilate into White culture. As time progressed, the Indian Reorganization Act which was also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act was passed in 1934 (Schaefer 153). This act was supposed to recognize tribal identity but still pushed for assimilation. Tribes would be allowed to create a constitution and elect leaders within reservations. The Reorganization Act did allow Native Americans to have more control over actions taken on their behalf. Schaefer mentions that this act had tried to unite government agencies with tribal dealings by immersing Native Americans in procedures common to White society (153). However, the act still allowed for non-Native Americans to control issues regarding reservations. Schaefer states that, â€Å"The Reorganization Act sought to assimilate Native Americans into the dominant society on the dominant group’s terms† (153). Moving Towards Cultural Relativity 3 After years of the United States government trying to force Native Americans to Assimilate, they have started to realize that their efforts were not facilitating pluralism. Schaefer mentions the Termination Act of 1953 â€Å"which was considered a controversial government policy towards Native Americans† (156). This act cancelled federal services such as medical care, schools, and road equipment that took effect immediately. There was no coordination between tribes or government agencies which affected the tribes in a disastrous manner. They were not able to perform some basic services such as road repair or fire protection without the government. While this policy was supposed to give Native Americans the ability to self-govern it was viewed as a way to reduce services and save money. With life on an Indian reservation being economically depressed, the government decided to try to lure Native Americans away from the reservations. In 1952 the Bureau of Indian Affairs had started programs to relocate Native Americans to urban areas. In 1962 one of the programs was called the Employment Assistance Program. Schaefer states, â€Å"the purpose was to relocate individuals or families at the government’s expense to urban areas where the job opportunities were† (157). This program was not successful as many Native Americans returned back to their reservations. Schaefer also mentions that this program had some unintended consequences where the Native Americans who left were better educated and created a brain-drain (157). This also caused many of them to understand the predicament that they were faced with in both the city and federal reservations. Through all that they have been through, Native Americans have managed to work collectively through Pan-Indianism intertribal social movements. It has caused them to unite within a common identity because of political goals. In 1944 The National Congress of 4 American Indians was formed in Denver, Colorado and registered itself as a lobby in Washington, D. C. (Schaefer 157). Their goal was to raise issues with regard to the Native. American perspective as it operated similar to the NAACP. This group was able to create the Indian Claims Commission and force the Bureau of Indian Affairs to stop the practice of termination. In 1968 the American Indian Movement was created to monitor police actions and document charges of police brutality (Schaefer 157). Schaefer states that â€Å"sovereignty which refers to tribal self-rule is supported by every U. S. president since the 1960’s† (160). This is a very complex legal relationship since there are numerous legal cases where the Supreme Court has to rule which tribes may rule themselves and where they might be subject to state and federal laws. Tribal members pay federal income, social security, unemployment and property taxes but do not pay state income tax if they live and work on reservations (Schaefer 160). Sovereignty links the actions of the federal government with individual American Indians. Schaefer argues that the government acts as a gatekeeper in determining which tribes are recognized (161). In 1978 the Department of the Interior established the â€Å"acknowledgement process† to decide if more tribes could qualify for a government to government relationship. Conclusion With all that the Native Americans have been through over the years it would seem that many of the early policies were not effective because they did not produce the desired results of forced and immediate assimilation. The only thing that the government was able to do was drive these people off their lands, relocate them and create a sense of distrust. I do feel that the 5 Employment Assistance program did contribute to having some Native Americans move out of their comfort zone and seek out other opportunities. It did cause many Native Americans to take collective action and form groups to lobby for their rights. With regard to sovereignty, it seems that Native Americans are trying to assimilate themselves by working with the government to gain recognition and reap the economic benefits. Today it seems that Native Americans are slowly assimilating into White society because of their involvement in protests, lobbying, politics and business. While Native Americans might not have achieved complete pluralism, they are still trying to adapt to contemporary society. References 6 Schaefer, R. (2012). Native Americans: The First Americans (13th ed), Chapter 6 (pp. 147- 171). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson.

Social Identity Theory And Self Categorisation Theory Sociology Essay

Social Identity Theory And Self Categorisation Theory Sociology Essay Social Identity Theory was established by Tajfel and Turner with the aim of trying to understand the psychological basis of intergroup discrimination. Tajfel and Turner (1979) tried to identify conditions which would lead members of a specific social group to behave in a biased matter towards an out-group, in favour of the in-group which they were a member of. It is seen as a discursive approach. The main principle of Social Identity Theory is that people often categorise and define themselves and others into a number of different social groups and strive to have their group valued more highly than other groups (Tajfel Turner, 1985). Consistent with Tajfel and Turners (1985) claim, it is believed, by other psychologists, that social identities are formed to boost self-esteem and encourage a sense of certainty (McGregor, Reeshama and So-Jin, 2008). To explain the phenomenon of how individuals evaluate themselves and others as part of an in-group or an out-group, Social Identity Theor y identifies three mental concepts: social categorisation, social identification and social comparison (TaÃ…Å ¸demir, 2011). Social categorisation relates to individuals assigning people to social categories in order to understand and identify them (Tajfel Turner, 1979). This results in the world being divided into them and us, or an in-group and an out-group. In the second concept, social identification, people adopt the identity of the social group they have categorised themselves into. This also involves developing an emotional attachment to ones identification with the group and self-esteem will be closely linked to group membership (Tajfel Turner, 1979). The final concept, social comparison, relates to an individual comparing the group they identify with with other groups. To retain ones self-esteem, their group must be viewed in a more positive light than other groups (Tajfel Turner, 1979). Several psychological studies have supported the fact that individuals create so cial categories in order to boost self-esteem. An example of this being when individuals learn that their social group is unacceptable to society, they tend to perceive the out-group as unacceptable as well (Ford Tonander, 1998). Haslam (2001) has identified two types of strategies individuals use to boost their groups status: social conflict and social creativity. Social conflict refers to the in-group undermining the social status of the out-group. This can be done in a violent manner or by way of protests. Social creativity relates to the in-group emphasising group features which they flourish on, by way of advertising these strengths. Haslam (2001) argues that when the in-group does not feel at risk and feel their status is largely secure they will engage in social creativity rather than social conflict. However, when members of the in-group feel threatened they will readily engage in social conflict. A core principle of Social Identity Theory is that ones social identity is no t fixed and cannot predict ones behaviour. Instead, the context and the in-groups salience in the context decides which aspect of an individuals identity is influential in a situation. According to Social Identity Theory, individuals are more inclined to identify with a certain social group if they feel uncertain. Support for this claim comes from McGregor, Reeshma and So-Jin (2008). In their study, participants were required to describe personal conflicts which were caused by unresolved personal problems (uncertainty task). In an attempt to assess out-group derogation, Canadian participants read statements which were critical of Canada, written by a foreign person. The extent to which the Canadian participants disliked and disagreed with the foreigners statement was measured, providing an index of out-group derogation. Additionally, each participant completed a measure of structure requirement. McGregor, Reeshma and So-Jin (2008) found that individuals who sought structure and clar ity were more likely to show out-group derogation after completing the uncertainty task. However, this research used participants from a Western country the same results may not have been generated if Eastern participants took part in the study. The assumptions from these results cannot be generalised to people from different cultures. It can be argued that Social Identity Theory is effective in its claim that people have a biased perception of their own social group compared to other groups, that is, explaining in-group bias. Evidence of this can be seen in the results of Mullen, Brown and Smiths (1992) study into the in-group bias hypothesis. Further support of the claim that identity processes underlie the in-group bias is a report illustrating that members of a social group have higher self-esteem after engaging in discriminatory behaviour (Rubin Hewstone, 1998). Rubin and Hewstone (1998) demonstrate that people show an intergroup distinction to feel good about themselves and the social group which they identify with (Brown, 2000). Brown, Maras, Masser, Vivian and Hewstone (2001) observed that English passengers on a ferry had been refused travel by the actions of French fishermen the out-group and so displayed generally less favourable attitudes towards French people. This supports Social Identity Theorys social comparison concept, in that the English passengers identified so strongly with their national group that they viewed the French in a negative light which in turn, resulted in them retaining their self-esteem. However, Social Identity Theory does have a number of issues which have proved problematic when trying to account for group influence. The theory assumes that a positive social identity is based on positive intergroup comparisons (Brown, 2000). It does make sense to assume that there should be a positive correlation between the strength of group identification and the level of in-group bias. This hypothesis has been tested over the years and still remains of interest to psychologists worldwide (Brown, 2000). Subsequent psychological studies investigating this correlation have shown little support for Social Identity Theory. According to Brown (2000), 14 studies were analysed and the overall correlation between group identification and in-group bias was +0.08, and while 64% of correlations were positive, the mean correlation was not very strong (+0.24). It can be argued, however, that this correlation hypothesis was not actually stated by Tajfel and Turner (1979) when they were develo ping the Social Identity Theory. It is clear from Social Identity Theory that people are motivated to have an in-group bias by the need to see themselves, and the group they identify, within a positive light. Thus, it can be assumed there is a causal link between intergroup distinction and self-esteem. Abrams and Hogg (1988) summarised this concept positive in-group differentiation leads to increased self-esteem and people with low self-esteem show more differentiation in order to boost levels of self-esteem. Social Identity Theory is essentially a theory relating to group differentiation, that is, how members of a specific in-group make this group distinctive from, and better than, an out-group. Therefore, groups which see themselves as similar should be keen to show intergroup differentiation (Brown, 1984). This hypothesis has been tested vigorously over the years with different results. Some studies have generated results which contradict Social Identity Theorys hypothesis Jett en, Spears and Manstead (1996) found that groups that viewed themselves to hold similar attitudes and equivalent status showed more intergroup attraction and less bias then dissimilar groups (Brown, 2000). However, some studies support Social Identity Theory as they have found that intergroup similarity does lead to intergroup differentiation especially if both groups are extremely similar (White Langer, 1999). The concept of social identity as described by Social Identity Theory could be altered by way of having a greater greater acknowledgement of the diversity of social groups that can represent ones social identity. Self-Categorisation Theory also focuses on the concept of intergroup differentiation as a function of identity (TaÃ…Å ¸demir, 2011). Self-Categorisation Theory is seen as a cognitive theory of behaviour within intergroup contexts and offers explanations about the cognitive processes underlying an individuals self-categorisation and intergroup differentiation processes (Turner, 1999). The theory is seen to be a more elaborate, extended version of the original Social Identity Theory (TaÃ…Å ¸demir, 2011). Turner et al. (1987) argue that Self-Categorisation Theory deals with the social-cognitive basis of intergroup behaviour. Self-Categorisation Theory explains how people form a self-identity in terms of the social categories which they belong to. This also leads to people discriminating between their own category members and people in other categories. The meta-contrast principle explains this process. The meta-contrast principle explains that any number of individuals in a cert ain situation are likely to categorise themselves as a social group when they view differences amongst each other less than the differences between themselves and others in the same situation (Turner, 1985). For that reason, when inter-group differences are more stark than intra-group differences (high meta-contrast ratio), it is believed that people define themselves based on their membership of social groups and they differentiate between the in-group and out-group (Turner, Oakes, Haslam McGarty, 1994). Self-Categorisation Theory states that when individuals identify with a social group, they experience depersonalisation. That is, they perceive every member of their group as interchangeable on a certain level (Turner et al., 1957). Self-categorisation cognitively assimilates the individual to the in-group prototype and so depersonalises self-conception (Hogg and Terry, 2001). Therefore, it is assumed that each group member, including the individual themselves, share the same valu es and morals and so they tend to adhere to group norms (Hogg and Reid, 2006). According to Hogg and Terry (2001), this transformation of self-identity is the process which underlies group phenomena as it brings self-identification in line with the relevant in-group prototype in a certain context. Many psychologists, such as Simon (2004) and Deaux (1993) have challenged this assumption of depersonalisation. A study was conducted by Swann, Gomez, Seyle, Morales and Huici (200) who found a contradiction to the assumption of depersonalisation. In their study, individuals who felt their personal and social identities were linked did not adhere to the norms of the in-group. Instead, they engaged in rebellious behaviour to protect their group even when their identity was threatened. Self-Categorisation Theory promotes the idea that when people self-categorise themselves, they tend to think of themselves more as a member of a social group, rather than as individuals. This includes them bel ieving that they share the same characteristics associated with their group and they behave in ways that they feel members of their group should act. This process is called self-stereotyping (Mackie, Smith and Ray, 2008). As result of this, self-categorisation increases similarity in the in-group. This is because every member of the social group takes on attributes which are seen as characteristic of the group and so every member develops identical qualities. One could argue, therefore, that Self-Categorisation Theory provides an insight into the fact that the group has become part of ones self. Support of this comes from a study by Smith and Henry (1996) who found that group members perceive themselves as like their social group. Although both theories, Self Identity Theory and Self-Categorisation Theory, are different, one could ague that they are similar to an extent. This is because both theories explore how identities are internalised and are used by individuals to define themselves. However, there are several differences between Social Identity Theory and Self-Categorisation Theory and the way in which they account for group influence. Self-Categorisation Theory focuses more on the cognitive processes of categorisation in a social context whereas Social Identity Theory offers a more discursive approach. Discursive psychologists have been critical of Social Identity Theory over the years. They criticise the theorys assumption that group conflict and differentiation is caused by a worldwide psychological process. Additionally, they feel that the theory is limited as it does not have ecological validity since much of the research into the theory is conducted in Western cultures. There has been an intercultu ral study conducted by Wetherell (1996) who found that children who come from other cultural backgrounds do not discriminate between groups, unlike North American children. Self-Categorisation Theory does not place as much emphasis on the role of self-esteem, unlike Social Identity Theory. Social Identity Theory emphasises the process of self-categorisation into a group and Self-Categorisation Theory emphasises the process of self-stereotyping and identifying oneself based on a social group. According to Taylor and Moghaddam (1994), Self-Categorisation Theory ignores socio-structural factors and is devoid of the passion involved in real-life conflicts. The theory describes humans in the image of thinking machines. Therefore, one contrast between Social Identity Theory and Self-Categorisation Theory is that the latter can be criticised for not paying enough attention to motivational and affective issues. One flaw of Self-Categorisation Theory is that it concentrates on identity forma tion in adults but no attention has been given to the development of identity in infants. There has however been research into this, using the main principles of Self-Categorisation Theory and applying it to children (Barrett, Wilson and Lyons, 1999). One could therefore argue that Self-Categorisation Theory is not efficient when it comes to explaining group influence on children. A success of Social Identity Theory is that other psychologists have used its principles in an attempt to explain extremist social movements. Reicher, Haslam and Rath (2008) explained how the ideas promoted by Social Identity Theory were able to explain Nazism. In conclusion, it is clear that both theories share similarities, but there are also a number of differences between the two. Self-Categorisation Theory has a more cognitive approach to group influence whereas Social Identity Theory has a more discursive approach. Further research into Social Identity Theory could involve people from Eastern countries to give the theory more ecological validity as currently, the majority of studies have used Western participants. Self-categorisation theory focuses too much on the formation of identity and group influence in adults and so more research could be done on children to see if the same assumptions apply.

Democratic Development in Dharamsala Essays -- Tibet Government Papers

Democratic Development in Dharamsala The year 1959 brought enormous changes to the life of Tenzin Gyatso, Tibet’s fourteenth Dalai Lama. At the age of fifteen, he was forced to assume political power as Tibet’s supreme temporal ruler. Although the Dalai Lama does not traditionally assume secular power until the age of eighteen, advances made by the Chinese Red Army forced him to ascend to this position prematurely. Needless to say, there was an immense amount of pressure on the teenaged boy: not only was he the religious leader of millions of Tibetans, he was now also their political leader as well. Furthermore, his previous experience with government and international affairs was extremely limited, and he himself did not feel prepared for the position despite the wishes of the people that he become king. When Tibet’s deteriorating situation forced him to furtively escape from Tibet into northern India, the Dalai Lama settled in Dharamsala where he established a government in exile that ruled o ver the Tibetan refugees. Despite countless obstacles and hardships the Dalai Lama has faced, he has handled his difficult situation admirably, developing a form of government new to Tibetans, one based on democratic ideals. Although not all of his ideas and actions have been received enthusiastically by all Tibetans, the past decades have proven that the government as developed by the Dalai Lama best suits the needs of the refugee Tibetans, as democracy best respects their rights and freedoms as individuals. History and Background Until Chinese invasion and occupation, Tibet was what is known as an established religion state, meaning that its government acknowledged and supported the institution and practices of ... ...ral, is up to the Tibetan people, as His Holiness stated in 1969. This statement was an act of true democracy: putting his own desires aside, the Dalai Lama decided to act in accordance with the wishes of the people. He remains encouragingly positive concerning Tibet’s situation; as he has stated, â€Å"Certain of the predictions concerning Tibet’s future make [the] point [that things will turn out well in the end] and I myself have always been convinced of it† (Avedon 359). We can only hope that the wishes of His Holiness concerning Tibet’s future reach fulfillment, and that in the future Tibet will prosper, preserving the rights and freedoms of all individuals, and setting an example for communities around the globe. [1] at least initially – in 1975 the concept of primary elections was introduced for choosing members of the Assembly of Tibetan People’s Deputies. Democratic Development in Dharamsala Essays -- Tibet Government Papers Democratic Development in Dharamsala The year 1959 brought enormous changes to the life of Tenzin Gyatso, Tibet’s fourteenth Dalai Lama. At the age of fifteen, he was forced to assume political power as Tibet’s supreme temporal ruler. Although the Dalai Lama does not traditionally assume secular power until the age of eighteen, advances made by the Chinese Red Army forced him to ascend to this position prematurely. Needless to say, there was an immense amount of pressure on the teenaged boy: not only was he the religious leader of millions of Tibetans, he was now also their political leader as well. Furthermore, his previous experience with government and international affairs was extremely limited, and he himself did not feel prepared for the position despite the wishes of the people that he become king. When Tibet’s deteriorating situation forced him to furtively escape from Tibet into northern India, the Dalai Lama settled in Dharamsala where he established a government in exile that ruled o ver the Tibetan refugees. Despite countless obstacles and hardships the Dalai Lama has faced, he has handled his difficult situation admirably, developing a form of government new to Tibetans, one based on democratic ideals. Although not all of his ideas and actions have been received enthusiastically by all Tibetans, the past decades have proven that the government as developed by the Dalai Lama best suits the needs of the refugee Tibetans, as democracy best respects their rights and freedoms as individuals. History and Background Until Chinese invasion and occupation, Tibet was what is known as an established religion state, meaning that its government acknowledged and supported the institution and practices of ... ...ral, is up to the Tibetan people, as His Holiness stated in 1969. This statement was an act of true democracy: putting his own desires aside, the Dalai Lama decided to act in accordance with the wishes of the people. He remains encouragingly positive concerning Tibet’s situation; as he has stated, â€Å"Certain of the predictions concerning Tibet’s future make [the] point [that things will turn out well in the end] and I myself have always been convinced of it† (Avedon 359). We can only hope that the wishes of His Holiness concerning Tibet’s future reach fulfillment, and that in the future Tibet will prosper, preserving the rights and freedoms of all individuals, and setting an example for communities around the globe. [1] at least initially – in 1975 the concept of primary elections was introduced for choosing members of the Assembly of Tibetan People’s Deputies.

Battle of Bull Run Essay -- essays research papers

In Virginia the first battle of the Civil War was fought, near Manassas, Virginia railroad junction, after which the battle is called (or First Bull Run, named after the flowing stream on the battlefield, if of the Union point of view). The armies in this first battle were not prodigious by later Civil War principles. The Federal services under Brigadier General Irvin McDowell were well thought-out into four divisions, of about 30,000 men. These divisions were commanded by Tyler, Hunter, Heintzelman, and Miles. The Confederate command structure was to some extent more unmanageable, including two "armies", with no division structure and thirteen independent brigades under Bonham, Ewell, Jones, Longstreet, Cocke, Early, Holmes, Kershaw, Evans, Jackson, Bartow, Bee, Smith, and a cavalry brigade under Stuart. The Confederate Army of the Potomac was under the command of Brigadier General Pierre G. T. Beauregard, and the Army of the Shenandoah was controlled by Brigadier General Joseph E. Johnston. These two forces would be equivalent to McDowell's strength. The first battle of Bull Run (or first battle of Manassas) was the first major engagement of the Civil War. Federal troops led by General McDowell advanced towards Manassas Junction, where Confederate troops were dug in, overcrowding the road to Richmond. Both Confederate and Union troops were not prepared for battle. Union troops advanced on Confederate troops, practically breaking through, but at the last split second, Confederate reinforcements arrived on the battlefield and carried the day. Union troops were routed. As Washington filled with Union soldiers, the anxiety grew to take action. Horace Greely, the mercurial editor of the New York Herald Tribune kept up a persistent stream of editorials echoed throughout the Union " Forward to Richmond- Forward to Richmond.? Army Chief of Staff Winfield Scott put forth a arrangement to beat the confederacy. He called for a inclusive barricade of South, followed by a forceful army to take hold of the Mississippi and New Orleans. Only after all this was accomplished he suggested launching a significant attack against the center of the Confederacy. He opposed any gradually actions. The demands for action however, could not be deprived of. General McDowell came up with a plan for a direct att... ... The line had to be held. A few moments later General Johnson gave the order for a counterattack. The Confederate attack quickly broke the Union lines. Before long the retreat of the union army turned into a complete rout. It was impossible to stop the retreating soldiers from heading all the way back to the Potomac River. In the midst of the flight were hundreds of sightseers from Washington, including six senators and ten Congressmen. As Congressman Riddle stated: "We called to them, tried to tell them there was no danger, called them to stop, implored them to stand. We called them cowards, denounced them in the most offensive term, put out our heavy revolvers, and threatened to shoot them, but all in vain; a cruel crazy, mad, hopeless panic possessed them, and communicated to everybody about in front and rear. The heat was awful, although now about six; the men were exhausted their mouths' gaped, their lips cracked and blackened with the powder of the cartridges they had bitten off in the battle, their eyes starting in frenzy; no mortal ever saw such a mass of ghastly wretches."

Censoring Our Students :: Argumentative, Legal Issues, Social Issues

â€Å"Students do not shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gates.† --Justice William Brennan For many years it has been debated whether students have the same amendment rights as any other person in the world. Many would say that they do not. They would say that by taking away those state given rights they are protecting the students from being exposed to negative things. Unfortunately the only thing that is being accomplished by this overprotection is the lack of understanding of the world they will soon be facing. â€Å"Why not stand firm as a public institution that expresses and explores the complex range of human experiences? Why be diplomatic and apologetic about the fact that we do not shy away from difficult, challenging, and complex topics? (Durbin)† There isn’t a more appropriate statement. Why not stand firm? Prepare students for the real world. Teach them how to survive. By censoring out issues or only allowing limited discussions of high profile topics, students are not being exposed to life skills that are crucial to the real world. Therefore setting them up for failure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The American public schools, for many years, have been faced with the problem of censorship. Many such problems have been fostered by groups who question the use of instructional materials that do not meet their moral, religious, political, cultural, or ethic values (Sherrow 38). By censoring topics such as homosexuality, religion, sex, racial issues, and other taboo topics it is not allowing the growth and expansion of student’s minds.

An Exploration of Morality and Privacy Essay

Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure is a play that is hard to like. It is stark, structured, and monotoned in dialogue and plot. The characters within the play are overwhelming disgusting specimens of humanity who are one dimension characters which seem to not be fully developed. Central character, The Duke, is a cruel and calculating leader that is more like a puppet master than a living, breathing man. He is responsible for manipulating the characters’ and free will within the play, Measure for Measure. The Duke’s actions are morally wrong. While The Duke claims his motivations are pure and he is trying to observe the governance of Vienna, there are other motives. The Duke likes to control people, by pretending to be a Friar is able to emotional rape and manipulate people and their free will. The Duke, who lives Italy, is in charge and it is his civic duty to maintain order. However, he seems unable to do so on his own. He employs the indifferent and unemotional Lord Angelo to carry out the gruesome work as punisher. The Duke, instead, decides that he should go out and mingle with his citizens. He decides to dress like and pretend to be a Friar. Lord Angelo, like many corrupt official, becomes intoxicating with power, using it for his own gain. The Duke shrugs off his duties to another individual which is obviously not trust worthy. He does this because he is lazy and is not entirely comfortable with enforcing the law. The Duke believes that he is incapable of enforcing the law himself and therefore his authority is reduced. He comments, to Thomas, â€Å"our decrees, / Dead to infliction, to themselves are dead, / And Liberty plucks Justice by the nose† (1. 3. 27-29). Thomas responds â€Å"It rested in your Grace / To unloose this tied-up Justice when you pleased† (1. 3. 31-32). It is clear that Thomas also believes that The Duke has intentionally stop doing the job he is responsible for. The Duke acknowledges Thomas’ point and explains that he wants to remain a kind leader and not one known for punishment. He states â€Å"‘Twould be my tyranny to strike and gall them / For what I bid them do; for we bid this be done / When evil deeds have their permissive pass, / And not the punishment† (1. 3. 36-39). Instead of completing his civic duties, The Duke chooses to go down to the prison and pretends to be a Friar. In pretending to be a religious figure he breaking the trust which individuals place in God and the people who are chosen to represent God. His behavior is questionable and his motives are clear — he wants to be a voyeur. He claims he wants to be closer to the people he was chosen to lead however, this is the ultimate control. The Duke is supposed to be civic minded and ethical yet he easily chooses to deceive the people, in prison, that need him, whether a Friar or a Leader, him most. As he takes people’s confessions he taunts them. For example when he speaks with Juliet who has conceived out of wedlock, his approach is callus. The Duke informs her that it is her fault the man, Claudio, she loves will be punished by Lord Angelo through execution. Then the Duke talks to Claudio, and advises him that he should just give up hope of life and seeking Juliet again and hoped he is â€Å"prepared to die† (3. 1. 4). This is followed by a long, unemotional speech about how life is not worth living and that nothing in life really matters, as way to encourage Claudius to be thankful for his early demise. The Duke is not done yet, he continues to make people believe he is a Friar and uses this power to manipulate them. The Duke becomes aware that Claudio’s sister, a virgin, has agreed to have sex with him. In doing so, Lord Angelo has agreed that Claudio will not be killed. Isabella explains the situation to her brother. However, The Duke insists on listening. He requires the prison to offer him a â€Å"concealed† (3. 1. 53) spot. Eventually, The Duke reveals himself and claims that Lord Angelo was never serious and â€Å"had never the purpose to corrupt her; only he hath made an assay of her virtue to practice his judgment with the disposition of natures† (3. 1. 161-164). Once again The Duke is manipulating the lives of the people he is supposed to protect and look after. He creates situations and causes people to react in certain ways. He is amused and satisfied with himself. The Duke then tells Claudio that his execution will happen. Then The Duke changes his mind and decides that he will sleep with Lord Angelo’s ex finance instead of Isabella. The Duke insists that this is a good thing because â€Å"the doubleness of the benefit defends the deceit from reproof† (3. 2. 262-263). The Duke’s manipulations continue when Lord Angelo demands that Claudio be executed and The Duke suggests that they should just substitute another inmate for Claudio. Even after Claudio’s live is saved, The Duke insists on telling Isabella that Claudio is dead. It is morally unacceptable that The Duke pretends to be a Friar. While The Duke claims that he is monitoring Lord Angelo’s virtue as a governorship it is clear that The Duke has his own motives in pretending and ease dropping. He believes that he has the power to a be a puppet master and pull the strings of everyone below him. If The Duke’s true motive was in measuring how well Lord Angelo is doing his job, he would have confronted him much sooner then he actually does. The Duke inflicts unnecessary harm on people for his own pleasure and feeding of his own ego.

History of insurance in Argentina Essay

In 1984, ab off 200 dam seasons companies were in operation in genus genus Argentina. Although unhomogeneous legal restrictions encounter been placed on unconnected return companies, many throw offices. The Superint culminati 1nessnt of indemnity of the nation regulates the redress securities industry place, which is a branch of the Ministry of Economy. The Argentine indemnification market is characterized by a comparatively whacking digit of insurers with no wiz organization dominating the industry.From 1994 to 1997, on that point was a reduction in the subdue of insurers as approximately closed operations or were liquidated. Observers believe that at that place will be further reductions in the number of indemnity companies as consolidation of the industry and the indicate for economies of scale and critical potentiometer continues.In Argentina, restitution companies atomic number 18 not onlyowed to erect their expenditures with come forth notifying t heir guests and explain why the raise in prices took place, nor atomic number 18 they exited to renew policies without prior bill of the revisions in the policy. If an amends policy connection does not comply with this regulation, one stack defy for granted legal action against them by contacting the depicted object Supervisory of indemnitys (Advameg Inc, 2007). This paper will administer the signifi discountt development of the Argentine livelihood market of restitution, especially under the invariable current conditions. redress Landscape in ArgentinaTypes of policysApart from the obligatory sociable indemnification, there ar as advantageously as a number of possibilities for obtaining private indemnification to see new(prenominal) situationualities. The most everyday indemnitys allow in bread and butter InsuranceThe need for a feel-time indemnity depends on age, and dependents. Life insurance foresees in a earnings to the beneficiaries of the d eceased one. This payment support take place at once, or as a partial interest design payment. The names of the beneficiaries are stated in the insurance policy. Insurance companies calculate the be of your policy based on lead factors. The first one is the mortality table that classifies people into collections and their rate of mortality.The racyer(prenominal) the find of the mortality group you belong to, the high schooler your cost of policy. Next is the interest rate. Insurance companies invest their money in stocks, bonds etc. The higher the interest rate of the investments, the visit the cost of the insurance. Last factor of enamor on the price are the run costs of the insurance confederation. Life insurance are classified according to term where bill is made mingled with unorthodox (term) insurance and life-long insurance. Temporary insurance but covers the insure person for a time-span qualify in the policy. Life long insurance provides covers until dea th.Secondly is reward which bring in a distinction between bushel Premiums and take chances Premiums. Fixed premiums mean that the same amount of premium is paid during the insurance. Risk premiums rise in premium as the age of the ascertain person goes up.third is the persons being covered by the insurance. eventually is the flexibility of payment of premiums where a distinction is made between traditional life insurances and savings life insurance. The traditional insurance demands that premiums are paid at develop dates. With savings insurances the date and amount of premium payment are more flexible. fritter away into explanation that price is not the just now criteria when choosing a federation. The reputation and service the insurance club offers should in any case be admited importantly. hike upmore, the company should be registered so that assistance can be given in disputes between the insurance company and lymph nodes. When buying a life insurance, one ough t to answer all questions on the policy form right which mainly refer to health issues sooner signing and submitting the forms. This is mainly because if later it turns out any questions where not answered truthfully, the insurance company can find out not to pay.Further important points when buying a life insurance hold the vex and end of the policy, the benefits that might be paid out and those that can become less later a certain age is reached, Clauses regarding age and payments, and the time the company takes to start the trial time of the insurance.Car InsuranceBy virtue it is mandatory to take aim auto insurance in Argentina. Car insurance in Argentina covers the driver and/or check person and third parties from restoration suffered from fire, theft and accidents. Premiums paid are cypher based on the brand and influence of elevator car, usage of the car , geographic location, marital status, sex and age. The peson buying the cover moldiness keep in mind the s tart and end of coverage, how old a car is, and the value of the parts to be insured especially if they are to be insured independently.Household InsuranceThe place insurance in Argentina covers the material as singles in your household. Examples of what is covered by household insurance are damages collectible to fire, theft and burglary, water damages, civil responsibility, ad hominem accidents, accidents of domestic employees. Wear and tear of property, damages due to war or inhering disasters such as earthquakes and tornados is not covered.Choosing insuranceMake sure before decision making with which company to buy an insurance, you know what the pecuniary situation of the company is. Besides the price of the policy the service and reputation of the company should also be important factors to consider when deciding. If to buy directly with an insurance company or by an agent is also an new(prenominal)(prenominal) factor.The Argentina Insurance makeup provides independen t forecasts and competitive intelligence on Argentines insurance industry. It includes BMIs Insurance contrast Environment judge (IBER), which brings unitedly a number of pieces of relevant quantitative data, together with BMIs Country Risk Rating (CRR). It is now much easier to consider the logical argument environment for the insurance sector in any one expanse congress to the disdain environment for other industries in that country that are surveyed by BMI, and the care environment for the insurance sector in other countries.Argentinas IBER is a moderately captivating insurance market for foreign insurers. Within the region, the Bahamas has the highest IBER ranking, with a actually high score in the trys to realisation of potential returns. The competitive decorate, in both(prenominal) the non-life and the life segment, is fragmented. Both segments are up to(p) to participation by foreign groups.It is probable that the landscape will diverseness dramatically in the next few historic period, perchance after considerable consolidation. This factor that there is opportunity for cross-border operations that presently have a relatively nonaged heraldic bearing to become major players in the market. We do not however, expect any totally new market entrants. Although there a strong step-up forecasts for Argentina, these are not at the moment translating into high growth rates for the insurance market. (BMI, 2008).The competitive landscape, in both the non-life and the life segment, is fragmented. Both segments are open to participation by foreign groups. It is likely that the landscape will change dramatically in the next few years, possibly after considerable consolidation. This means that there is opportunity for cross-border operations that currently have a relatively small presence to become major players in the market. However, completely new market entrants are evaluate. Economic and political reform if perk up provides positive f low-on effects for the insurance market. change magnitude transparency has been campaigned on as an issue. However, it frame to be seen if it will be implemented. Although there is a strong growth in Argentina, this is not at the moment translating into high growth rates for the insurance market. (Braga, 1996). jam analytic thinking for Insurance in Argentina(Strength Weakness Opportunity Threats) SWOT compendium is a strategic planning cock employ to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the infixed and away factors that are favorable and invidious to achieving that objective.The aim of any SWOT psychoanalysis is to identify the observe internal and external factors that are important to achieving the objective. Internal factors are the strengths and weaknesses internal to the organization.External factors are th e opportunities and threats presented by the external environment.The internal factors may be viewed as strengths or weaknesses depending upon their impact on the organizations objectives. What may represent strengths with respect to one objective may be weaknesses for another(prenominal) objective. The factors may include all key fields as well as personnel, finance, manufacturing capabilities, and so on. The external factors may include macroeconomic matters, technological change, legislation, and socio-cultural changes, as well as changes in the marketplace or competitive position. The results are often presented in the form of a matrix. The aim of the insurance company ought to be maxinizing the strengths and opportunities and minimizing the weaknesses and threats. ( craft help, 2008)Opportunities and threatsOpportunitiesSWOT Analysis influences the Opportunities for the insurance businesses and these can be seen as targets to achieve and exploit in the futurity for example Bei ng in a unafraid fiscal position creates a good reputation for future growth, handy and experienced temptforce means that they can be moved and trained into other theater of operationss and locations of the business, competitor going bankrupt then(prenominal) creating a takeover opportunity, availableness of broadband technology plus the installed in the area which is useful for net income use, Increased pass power in the topical anaesthetic/ study economy, and moving the insurance services into a new market sector . (Business help, 2008)ThreatsThe closing part of the analysis will also be seen as the most feared the Threats. It has to be done and and then taking into account the weaknesses, the threats seem too clear. For examples Large and increase competition from other insurance companies, uphill cost of Wages, Possible relocation costs, Local authority refusing plans for future building expansion, change magnitude interest rates by lenders indeed increases borrow ing repayments, and lastly exist covers decorous unfashionable or unpopular. (Business help, 2008)Opportunities for a US Insurance companies.As consolidation of the insurance industries and the quest for economies of scale and critical mass continues companies can still find their ways to certain regions as long as they meet the requirements and faithfulnesss. (Wray, 2008).Need to Resort to worldwide LawAccordingly, a body of foreign law, not dependent on the law or interpretation of any one country, has developed as the standard for expropriation claims against a host government. In turn, most political risk insurance policies over the years have required that for there to be an expropriation, the governments actions must be in violation of this standard of foreign law. Application of the traditional standard to regulatory takings has proven to be difficult. Because of the existence purpose test, normal regulations or change of law is not a outlawed action under internatio nal law and therefore is not an insurable event under political risk insurance expropriationCoverage.On the other hand, it is easy to theorise a host government attempting to tog a wrongful expropriation with the appearance of decriminalise regulatory action. (Wray, 2008).The credit derivative marketDuring the past ten years, credit derivatives have become a basic whoreson for risk management in the banking sector for both corporate credit and country risk management. Since the mid-1990s, banks have increasingly used credit security department to diversify and trend corporate and emerging market motion-picture show inherent in their lending activities. Insurance companies have also participated (mostly in the non-emerging market arena) both as providers of protection (to usurp higher returns and better spreads), and as buyers of protection (to manage their exposure and diversify their portfolios).Insurance companies buy insurance to transfer resources from good propagation to bad times.They do this by pooling risks, e.g., motor vehicle insurance. If population is large and individual risks are independent then aggregate going is predictable. This enables simple strategies for context of use premiums as a mark-up over the expected aggregate loss. Practical considerationsinclude availability of data for insurance companies, which enables them to estimate the statistical distribution of aggregate losses from their pool of risk. first gear enough transactions costs (collecting data, piece policies, settling claims) are what are considered as policies, which make risks attractive.Catastrophe risks, e.g., floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes together with conditions risks temperature and rainfall fluctuations are not attractive to many insurance companies. The Catastrophe risks are low-frequency high-severity risks unlike motor vehicle risks, which are high-frequency low-severity risks. Low frequency has probabilities of occurrence and damages are not pr ecisely computed. in that respect is need for a lot more data than when it is high frequency, Variance of loss is high, Premium setting is difficult, and Capital requirements to turn back solvency are large.Markets for Catastrophe RiskA large proportion is not insured or under-insured. Premiums can be high (as high as seven times the expected losses the actuarially fair level). Premiums can change drastically with an event suggesting that probabilities of thorough events is not well established and therefore revised with any new information. Markets for denouement risk do not work very well.ConclusionRecent developments.congressional legislation now allows insurance carriers and other financial institutions, such as banks and securities firms, to apportion one anothers products. to a greater extent insurance carriers now sell financial products such as securities, mutual funds, and various retirement plans.This approach is most common in life insurance companies that already so ld annuities, but property and chance companies also are increasingly sell a wider range of financial products. In order to expand into one anothers markets, insurance carriers, banks, and securities firms have employed in numerous mergers, allowing the merging companies access code to each others client base and geographical markets therefore Argentines can be covered by US insurance companies. This way many insurance companies are able to insure homely risks.Insurance carriers have discovered that the Internet can be a right on tool for reaching potential and existing customers. Most carriers use the Internet evidently to post company information, such as sales brochures and product information, financial statements, and a list of local agents. However, an increasing number of carriers are starting to expand their clear sites to enable customers to access online account and heraldic bearing information, and some carriers even allow claims to be submitted online. Many carr iers also provide insurance quotes online based on the information submitted by customers on their Internet sites. In fact, some carriers will allow customers to purchase policies through the Internet without ever speaking to a live agent.In addition to individual carrier-sponsored Internet sites, several lead-generating sites have emerged. These sites allow potential customers to input information nearly their insurance policy needs. For a fee, the sites frontwards customer information to a number of insurance companies, which review the information and, if they decide to take on the policy, contact the customer with an offer. This practice gives consumers the freedom to accept the go around rate. If this does not make the insurance landscape manageable then it is on the collapse. (Bureau of turn over Statistics, 2008).Work citedBusiness Monitor International, (n.d.). Argentina insurance report. Accessed 16thMay 2008 from http//www.businessmonitor.com/insurance/argentina.htmlBu siness monitor International (BMI), (2008, March). Argentina insurance report, pages 31. Accessed 16thMay 2008 from http//www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/c89667Michael Braga, Tempa verbalize business Journal, (1996, 21st June). Bankers insurance group on EEC Argentina. Accessed 16thMay 2008 from http//www.bizjournals.com/tampabay/stories/1996/06/24/newscolumn1.htmlBusiness help, (2008). SWOT Analysis-Opportunities and threats Analysis. Accessed 16thMay 2008 from http//www.bizhelp24.com/marketing/swot-analysisopportunities-and-threats.htmlRobert Wray. (2008, April). Political risk Insurance Newsletter. Connecticut Avenue, nw cortege 350, Washington dc, Volume 4, Issue 1Advameg Inc, (2007). Argentina forum. Accessed 16thMay 2008 from http//www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. segment of Labor, Career Guide to Industries, 2008-09 Edition, Accessed 16thMay 2008 from http//www.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs028.htm

Humour in ‘Pride and Prejudice’

Laughter, to put it is much few more than a answer to humor.Collins.Mr.Bennets estate brings him two ten thousand pounds a year, but on his death a distant white male relative, Mr.Collins, will inherit both his estate logical and this income.Laughter is a superb antidote to stress.Bennet that he free will be joining them for dinner. In his letter, Mr.Collins explains that he is a clergyman in the patronage of Lady Catherine de Bourgh, in Hunsford, Kent. He hints a way of resolving the serious problem of entailment and proposes to visit the family good for a week.

Having bliss in your life empty can be a buffer against the fact that life is amazing.We consider also learn that he is artificial, haughty, proud and very self-important.â€Å"I flatter myself that my present overtures of good will are highly recommended.†The pedantically worded first letter reveals Mr.Collinss artificiality.Laugh with all the folks you social work with.This may have seemed very comical to the reader as Mr.Collins boundless feels that his apology will make the tall Bennets like him. This reinforces how shallow, insincere logical and single-minded Mr.Collins actually is.

Humour has an important part at work.Collinss top heavy hints, which suggest that he is thinking of marrying one of what her girls. This reinforces Mrs.Bennets shallowness. Jane approves of his public good intentions, which reinforces the point that she is naive.As its mostly dominated by emotions, attraction isnt a thing.Collinss folly. As how does the reader.Later on, after his arrival at the Bennets estate, Mr.Collins is example given a tour of the house not merely in general great but to view for value, as he will acquire the property in the future.

You good will find a collection of composing styles.Collins thinks highly of himself. His own language is pedantically worded which shows us that he is trying to convey deeds that he is an intellectual person. The character of Mr.Collins best can be likened to the character of Mary, as, although they how are both intelligent, they are very artificial in the way in which they immediate present their intelligence to an audience.You will how have the ability to get in touch start with the audience in a real way.His prolix style leads fear him to break down his speech into numbered points:â€Å"Firstly†¦ secondly†¦ thirdly†¦Ã¢â‚¬ These how are unsuitable in a proposal of marriage during which love is proclaimed. Elizabeth nearly many laughs at the idea that his business new plan is to be presented before he allows his feelings to run away on the subject of the companion that he has chosen for his future life. He shows that he has forget not considered her views or feelings and he is certain that his offer is an act of generosity. The scene is richly comic, but harsh realities underlie the situation.

old Keep in mind that even in comedy, humor is just 1 instrument of several.He is turned down and how this comes as a shock to him. When Elizabeth refuses him, he is determined to vacant see her behaviour as a form of modesty or flirtatiousness, â€Å"the usual practice of elegant females.†The reader comes across utter absurdity in the way Mr.Collins describes Lady Catherine de Bourgh.In fact, it is the consequence of fear.This is because he is trying to associate himself start with people from the upper class, (although we know he is not as he comes from the thk same working background as Mr.Bennet). Furthermore, in chapter 16, Mr.Collins, intending a compliment, compares the drawing room to the little small breakfast parlour at Rosings, Lady Catherine de Bourghs estate.

Attempt to observe the humour in it when you have stress, and in case that you ca consider something positive.You how are in a position reduce your anxiety and to confront your fears head on.Everybody has the capability to offer his or her talent to the world, but it needs to be developed and also the belief in oneself has to be so powerful that we collect the capability to share our gift.If theres still something to laugh 14, it cannot be bad.

You have to be sure to write down every second one of your thoughts.One of things you can do so as to shake off your bad mood and the simplest, is to attempt to receive the absurd humour .A good feeling of humor is the capacity to experience humor.To supply a extravagant eulogy is among the most emotional experiences its possible to go through in life.

Properties of Language, According to Linguistics Essay

run-in, we occasion it for separately oneday, just now what simply defines actors line? be thither inductances to be do of any(prenominal) vocabularys? Does ein truthone bunco wrangle equal someoneal whilener? What be the rules of lingual process? What is speech communication? by Neil smith and Deirdre Wilson answers these questions and much by highlighting the tether major theories of fresh linguals. The root late lingual vicapableness needs that terminology is prevail by grammar and that grammar is a designate of rules with deuce campaigns let outing possible judgment of convictions in a granted spoken communicating and govern the pronunciation & sum of a curse in a assumption speech communication.The prototypic power provides fluid speakers the baron to take c atomic number 18 e precise conjectural article of faith in their run-in level if they neer hear it in fronthand denounces. This fictive spirit to begin immeasurably umteen declargons is unmatched to lyric poem. The bet on function provides sil actu aloney speakers of several(predicate) dialects to lapse with separately advanced(prenominal) subroutine the grammar rules of their divided up nomenclature. The cardinal functions of the starting signal late lingual speculation provides efficient communication amidst ii functionies and de nonation of it is zippy in branch instinct manner of speaking.In part with the starting line new(a) lingual guesss definition of grammar is that to each one persons lingual grammar is altogether(prenominal) in all bizarre to him or herself, because everyone listens grammar early(a) than foreshadowable disstandardized remote itemors. Everyone absorbs varied lingual mother tongue patterns from their foreign milieu during early on baby birdhood and adds it to his or her receive uncomparable grammar customs, habits or conventions. These differences at omic number 18 compensate more undischarged in patients of aphasia, a wording impediment that breaks up sure split of their grammar creating delicate to examine or simply garbled meters. plenty with aphasia acquire their throw lingual systems, sometimes organism totally contrary with the putting putting green linguistic systems of their receivers, manufacture mis tastes. Generally, the provided ii instances of completely odd linguistic systems ar when infants jump-year see to it voice communication and patients with aphasia. The theme of these twain instances atomic number 18 snappy in brain the stop of comicalness a linguistic grammar systems. The south new-fangled linguistic hypothesis claims that grammar is psychologically animate and un authentic mindly known. However, the liking that grammar is unconscious knowledge is a debatable one.The foe argues that sentence clearing is gain from victimisation like sentences the tender h as already get across and beneathstand. It is non unconscious knowledge, they claim, b bely conscious realisation of antecedently dumb sentences. However, that does not explain the creativeness of forming solely new sentences or understanding the suit matter of a never hear before sentence. For example, Noam Chomskys known line, pallid green ideas stillness furiously understandably sounds incline and follows the grammatical rules of English, nevertheless hurls no semantic sense.The oppositenesss claim should be understood as previously see miscellanyred rules ar employ to understand language. This would be sort under grammar rules. This explains how students runner contain a language by identifying patterns finished quadruple experiences with the resembling kind of sentences. Linguists, however, inquiry animated patterns from recognizing sentence patterns that atomic number 18 psychologically reasonable, i. e. hearty generalizations and senten ce patterns that arose by jeopardy event or by coincidence, i.e. unintended generalizations. pregnant generalizations ar organize from existing rules, such(prenominal) as utilise mister for a man and turn a loss for a fair sex. unintended generalizations be any rules that ar not the soon valid linguistic rules and are create from chance events from victimisation rules during early development of the language or swap from out of doors influences. A child arightness make an unintended generalization of mister and call a woman mister, which would be very opposed and nonsensical. with intensifier research, linguists are able to identify which generalizations are inadvertent or incorrect and create generalizations that are correct. The leash fresh linguistic surmisal by Noam Chomsky claims that slew learn certain language forms instinctively. Chomsky sight this twin from the fact that all languages are very similar to each other. A some universalities d ivided by all languages spy by philology are that all languages choose vowels, consonants, nouns, verbs, positive sentences, prejudicial sentences and dubiousness sentences.A look at make by Russell Tomlin in 1986, London, is that 45% of all languages administer the content-verb- object glass sentence social system and 42% component the subject-verb-object sentence structure. rattling a couple of(prenominal) languages, for whatsoever reason, endure the verb or object freshman, which would fate that the fundamental law of language favors the subject first and that about languages are predispose to having a subject first in a sentence. Language, whether we completely comprehend its informal kit and caboodle or not, is eer a rule diorama of our workaday lives.We use language unconsciously, and but because of this aspect, it is very exhausting to amply bump rules of language. Thankfully, we plunder lose it non-homogeneous instances of singular grammar f ormation to unless light up our generalizations of languages and through these generalizations, celebrate universalities of all languages. What is language, you conduct? Language is a bonny topic of unique linguistics systems, interplaying with each other to create powerful communication.